INTRODUCTION TO HEMODIALYSIS MACHINE

The 2008K hemodialysis machine is designed to perform hemodialysis in hospital,dialysis clinics and at home with a qualified operator other than the patient.It can be used for patients suffering chronic or acute renal failure. The function of the 2008K is to provide hemodialysis treatment by controlling and monitoring both the dialysate and extracorporeal blood circuits. In the extracorporeal blood circuit, the blood is continuosly circulated from the patient through a dialyzer, where toxins are filtered out through a semi-permeable membrane, before being returned to the patient.During this process, the extracorporeal blood circuit is monitored for venous and arterial blood pressures, and for the presence of air and blood. The 2008K can also administer heparin evenly throughout the treatment. In the dialysate circuit, the dialysate concentrates are mixed with purified water, heated degassed, and delivered to the dialyzer. Balancing chambers ensure that the incoming flow of the dialysate is volumetrically equal to the outgoing flow in order to control ultrafiltration from the patient.  

THE CONTROL PANEL

The control panel of the machine is located at the top, front of the 2008K machine. There are four sections on the control panel.                                                                            

GENERAL OPERATION SECTION

The first section is General Operation Section. The General Operation panel contains four keys associated with starting or stopping the basic power and alarm aspects of any dialysis treatment. The function of the power key is to turn the machine on and the key must be hold for one second to turn the power off and if blood is sensed, the machine will power down with an audible alarm. The mute key silence an alarm for two minutes or until another alarm occurs. New Tx key will erase the current treatment information and move the summary information to the previous record in the Tx summary screen. Reset key will reset the alarms and if the key is pressed again and hold for one second to set new arterial and venous pressures. 

TREATMENT DISPLAY SECTION

Next, the Treatment Display section is used to access and set all parameters. It is organized into three subsections which are the treatment display screen, the screen access buttons, and the data entry keys. The treatment screen display contains the area for viewing the various treatment screens. The screen access buttons below the display area are used to access the various treatment screens. The data entry keys, at the bottom of the treatment display section, are the the menus used to enter treatment parameter values or make selections inside the treatment screen. The function of the home key is to view current treatment data including treatment time remaining, UF data, arterial, venous, and transmembrane pressures, and dialysate data. The trends key is to view charts that provide graphic views of treatment effectiveness (Kt/V), sodium variation system (SVS) and ultra filtration (UF) profiles, and patient’s blood pressure over time. The dialysate key is to view and select acid/bicarbonate concentrate type, bicarbonate, sodium, electrolyte concentrations, and conductivity settings. Test and options key is to view pressure test, Alarm test, and diasafe test options and results. View treatment options for pediatric and single needle patients, high flux dialyzers, patient ID numbers, and dialysate sampling. The heparin key is to view options for administering heparin gradually over the course of the treatment or as a bolus injection. Next, the Kt/V AF key is to view estimate of treatment effectiveness based on the actual dialyzer clearance and view the access flow messages and data.BTM BVM key is to view arterial and venous blood temperature data with machines equipped with the optional Blood temperature Module and view the relative blood volume data and trends with machines equipped with the optional Blood Volume Module. The Blood Pressure key is to view all pulse and blood pressure test results taken during treatment Blood pressure alarm limits and inflation pressure and frequency of blood pressure tests are set in this screen. 1,2,3 keys are to enter numerical values when setting parameters for such treatment options as ultrafiltration rate, times, goal, and volumes. Up arrow and down arrow keys are to scroll up or down a list of parameter choices or to increase or decrease parameter values and to speed up the rate at which the value changes, press and hold the key down. Confirm key is to save a treatment parameter entry or confirm an action initiated on the touch screen. The confirm key is also a backup, safety feature designed to prevent accidental changes to the intended treatment parameters. Escape key is to void the current entry and return to previously entered parameter value before confirm is pressed.

BLOOD CIRCUIT SECTION

The Blood Circuit section contains keys and warning lights that are directly related to the transmission and monitoring of the patient’s blood. Override key is to keep the blood pump running for three minutes when a blood-leak alarm is present. The yellow Override light will illuminate. Prime key is to prime the extracorporeal blood circuit. Pressing Prime will keep the blood pump running when air is sensed in the venous blood chamber and an level detector alarm is present (as is the case during initial set up when the blood circuit tubing is empty). The pump will run for two minutes or until an adequate fluid level is detected by the ultrasonic sensors in the level detector module, or until the volume set in service mode is reached. Stat/Deflate key is to start an unscheduled, manual blood pressure measurement when the cuff is deflated, or instantly deflate the inflated blood pressure cuff. Heparin on/off key is to turn the heparin pump on or off. When the heparin pump is on, the green, triangular light is illuminated. This light will flash when heparin pump is interrupted. There are three warning lights in this Blood Circuit section. First indicator light is the air detector which will illuminate when the fluid level has dropped below the sensors in the venous drip chamber. Minor light will illuminate when a minor blood leak has been detected by the blood leak detector. Blood Leak Detector light will illuminate when an amount of blood greater than 0.45 ml/min has been detected in the dialysate by the blood leak detector. 

DIALYSATE CONTROL SECTION

The Dialysate Control section contains the keys required to start and stop the flow of dialysate, the Sodium Variation System (SVS), and ultrafiltration. The Dialysate Flow on/off key is to start and stop the flow of dialysate and the flow is off when the yellow triangular light is solid or flashing and the light is not illuminated when flow is on. The SVS on/off key is to activate the Sodium Variation System (SVS) program. When the SVS is on, the green, triangular light is illuminated. This light will flash when SVS program is interrupted. UF on/off key is to turn the ultrafiltration pump on or off. During ultrafiltration, the green light is illuminated. This light will flash when ultrafiltration is interrupted. Bypass key is to dialysate the flow which is bypassing the dialyzer because dialysate is outside the allowable temperature or conductivity limits, or shunt interlock door is open.          

CONCLUSION

Hence, 2008K hemodialysis machine has definite permanent benefits on patients of kidney failure. Before the invention of the hemodialysis machine, many patients suffer from kidney failure and finally they died. Regarding to the problem, the scientists had successfully invented the hemodialysis machine. This invention also contributes to the development of information and communication technology in hospital.The 2008K hemodialysis machine is designed to perform hemodialysis in hospital,dialysis clinics and at home with a qualified operator other than the patient. The function of the 2008K is to provide hemodialysis treatment by controlling and monitoring both the dialysate and extracorporeal blood circuits. There are four main sections in this machine. The first section is General Operation section which contains four keys associated with beginning or stopping the fundamental power and alarm criteria of any dialysis treatment. Next, the Treatment Display section is used to control and set all treatment measurements. The third section is Blood Circuit section which contains keys and warning lights that are related to the transferring and monitoring of the patient’s blood. The last section is Dialysate Control Section contains the keys needed to start and stop the flow of dialysate, the Sodium Variation System (SVS) and ultrafiltration.